Understanding of Buyers Behavior

Executive Summary The main purpose of this report is to understand the consumer buying behavior. The findings that were noted are that a consumer has diverse requirements and wishes.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Understanding of Buyers’ Behavior specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The marketers should search for relationships between their products and lifestyle group, for example for a middle-aged she would prioritize her needs to cosmetic surgery this is to enable her to feel like she is still young and the lowest need being tattooing and piercing and since she is mature and she would like to present herself in a respectable manner she would only prioritize on cosmetic surgery, eye surgery and laser skin treatment. And The old lady, she would prioritized her options to eye surgery to avoid wearing glasses, followed by the laser skin treatments to prevent her from looking too old and avoid the wrinkles f rom appearing Thus, buyers with different ages have different needs and spend different amounts on necessities and non necessities. Thus, the marketer should have be able to know the target market of its product and ways in which he/ she could attract these markets e.g. the could be able to attract consumers through promotions like bonus packs to prompt the consumers to buy and perhaps buy more than they otherwise would. Introduction Consumer behavior is a rational psychological process which allows consumers to critically evaluate their purchase options with the aim of justifying the reasons behind their purchases in order to maximize their own satisfaction. Consumer behavior involves on how consumers decide whether or not to purchase a product. The consumers’ decision is usually based on consumers decision making process with respect to understanding what the consumer wants, consumption and disposition of goods and services, activities, decision-making units ( overtime) (Ko tler 2003, 12). Consumer behavior means more than just the way that a person buys tangible goods; it also includes consumers’ use of services, activities experiences, and ideas. Marketers are very concerned with the manner in which consumers buy products and services. However, marketers are also intensely interested in consumer related to using and disposing of a product.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This include; acquisition – the process by which a consumer comes to own the product; usage- the process by which a consumer uses the product; and disposition – the process by which a consumer discards a product (Porter 1990, 8). The sequence of acquisition, consumption and disposition can occur over time in a dynamic order. Entire markets are designed around linking one consumer’s disposition decision to the customers’ acquisition decision s, for instance, when consumers buy used cars they are buying cars that others have disposed of and should be aware of it. Body modification Some of the image altering options reflecting the variety of behaviors by the illustration were: body art for fashion (tattooing and piercing); cultural body art as a reflection of ethnicity; myriad services of cosmetic enhancement- laser skin treatments for wrinkles and hair; Botox, collagen, cosmetic dentistry; body contouring using systems such as endermologie; eye surgery instead of using glasses; cosmetic dentistry i.e. veneers and whitening; and cosmetic surgery. Marketers have to identify its customer’s reference group so as to meet the customer demands. A referenced groups influence on particular individuals varies depending on particular products and brands therefore in some instances the influence of this group may either be significant or insignificant. Reference groups appear to influence both product and brand choice strongl y e.g. Some consumers have body parts pierced as a form of self expression, while others do it to fit into a group, still others believe that body piercing is a form of beauty or that it enhances sexual pleasure. individuals often purchase goods and services that reflect their particular age at the time of purchase. With time, consumers buy different products and services that would best suite them that time. For example where, for a female teenager she would be more concerned with her appearance be fascinated with tattooing and piercing for beauty as well as cosmetic surgery during her teenage years, but during her middle aged when she is more mature she tends to be concerned about how her appearance will influence her children, as a mature lady and responsible and respectable lady.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Understanding of Buyers’ Behavior specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More People tend to relate w hat they believe in and how the behave with the groups they are associated with. The groups play a very big role as they tend to introduce individuals to new practices and lifestyle, they also influence the behavior expressed by an individual while they also demand a compliance of the stipulated practices. Interview Results AGE/GROUP OPTIONS TEENAGER( 16- 24) MIDDLE AGE WOMAN(33-46) OLD LADY ( 50 AND ABOVE) Cosmetic surgery 3 10 7 Tattoo piercing 10 3 1 Eye surgery 6 7 10 Laser skin treatments 2 7 9 Cosmetic surgery i.e. whitening 8 6 5 Collagen 4 6 8 Note: Each attribution is related from 0 to 10, where 10 represent the highest level. For the teenager she was more into her appearance where the highest level was in tattooing and piercing for beauty as well as cosmetic surgery, such as whitening and the lowest being laser skin treatments since their skins have not been affected by the toxins of the cosmetics and now that she is young she will not be needing the skin laser treatments. For the middle aged, her highest level was cosmetic surgery this is to enable her to feel like she is still young and the lowest rank being tattooing and piercing and since she is mature and she would like to present herself in a respectable manner she would only prioritize on cosmetic surgery, eye surgery and laser skin treatment. The old lady, she prioritized her options to eye surgery to avoid wearing glasses, followed by the laser skin treatments to prevent her from looking too old and avoid the wrinkles from appearing. Once a consumer is in position to earn an attractive amount of money, he/she will be attempted to buy expensive products as opposed to a consumer who is earning very little who will only buy cheap products because that is what they can afford. (Lancaster Withey 2006, 45) explain that economic situation of an individual influences on an individual’s power attitude toward spending versus saving. Society is made up people with different so cial classes. These classes mostly are defined in terms of status, wealth, living condition among other factors. the society has the upper class these are the rich who are regarded to have too much wealth at their dispose, then there are those who define as the middle class who earn average income while the low class are the poor who have very little wealth at their disposal. Depending on which class a consumer is from, it is always going to influence their being decision that why an individual from the upper class social status will always buy good in bulk because they can afford to pay for them while the low class consumer will only buy goods that will presently be of use because that’s only what they can afford (Ford 1990, 322; Waterschoot and van den Bulte 1992, 88).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Analysis and Comparison of results Consumer behavior does not necessarily reflect the action of a single individual, a group of friends, coworkers, or an entire family may have an impact on the decision making of the individual and their attitudes towards the product. However, some decisions about whether to acquire, use, or dispose of a product are related to personal goals, safety concerns or desire to reduce economic, social or psychological risk. There are several factors that may influence buyer behavior which include; Culture Every individual is a member of a particular cultural group or society. Depending on the cultural practices of that particular society, an individual is likely to be influenced while purchasing a product or service because of the cultural practices present. Culture can be defined as the beliefs of a group of people how they behave, and their thoughts about various subjects. For example when a child is growing up, what the child learns from the parents and other individual relating to the child like teachers, friends, and family members would likely influence the child’s behavior as he/she grows up. That’s why people of different cultural societies end up purchasing goods and services because of the influence they have from their cultural background. Within the cultural factors lies sub factors which also influence buyer’s behavior. In each cultural group there is a sub division of a group of people having the same kind of behavior and share values based on one common belief. According to Anderson (1982, 14) he states that the sub cultural divisions are very important market segments as their provide markets to programs that are set up to meet their needs. Marketers are then encouraged to come up with products that best satisfy the needs of the people in a particular geographic group. Another sub factor is social class. The society is made up people with different social classes. These classes mostly are defined in terms of status, wealth, living condition among other factors. the society has the upper class these are the rich who are regarded to have too much wealth at their dispose, then there are those who define as the middle class who earn average income while the low class are the poor who have very little wealth at their disposal. Depending on which class a consumer is from, it is always going to influence their being decision that why an individual from the upper class social status will always buy good in bulk because they can afford to pay for them while the low class consumer will only buy goods that will presently be of use because that’s only what they can afford. Marketers mostly choose to design products once they are sure of the kind of social class they are targeting. Clearly classification of social classes creates a distinct position in which products and services are designed and branded from clothing, home furnishings, leisure activities and automobiles Some mark eters focus on their efforts on one social class thus products will not sale to the market as anticipated Social factors How a consumer behaves is also influenced by various social factors such as; Reference groups These are groups that have some kind of influence on a person’s attitude or behavior. The influence may be direct or indirect. For example groups formed by leaders may influence the opinion of their followers, religious leaders and church groups may influence what the congregation believes in; the artists may influence their funs and so on. People tend to relate what they believe in and how the behave with the groups they are associated with. The groups play a very big role as they tend to introduce individuals to new practices and lifestyle, they also influence the behavior expressed by an individual while they also demand a compliance of the stipulated practices. These groups put pressure on the consumer consent and influence on the choice of product and service purchase (Kotler 1999, 102). Marketers have to identify its customer’s reference group so as to meet the customer demands. A referenced groups influence on particular individuals varies depending on particular products and brands therefore in some instances the influence of this group may either be significant or insignificant. Reference groups appear to influence both product and brand choice strongly e.g. Some consumers have body parts pierced as a form of self expression, while others do it to fit into a group, still others believe that body piercing is a form of beauty or that it enhances sexual pleasure. Family Most people base their buying decision based on if it would be of use to the family members. Families are considered as one of the most important buying units within the economy and therefore of great importance to marketers. Marketers through conducting research can effectively know which role each and every member of the family plays as far as consumer behavior is concerned. That is why the marketers have to be aware of the person who has the most influence in determining product choice. If for example the woman has the most influence then marketers would use various ways to attract that market. Roles and statuses A role can be explained as a set of various activities a person is required to carry out within the society. Each role is determined by the individual’s status. Most people will choose products that communicate their role and status in the society, for instance the middle aged her highest level was cosmetic surgery this is to enable her to feel like she is still young and the lowest rank being tattooing and piercing and since she is mature and she would like to present herself in a respectable manner. Koontz Weihrich (2009, 59) suggest that marketers are well aware of the role which status influences the nature of purchases conducted within the society. Personal factors A consumer judgment to buy a product can also be sub jective on individual traits. These characteristics may include: Age: Individuals often purchase goods and services that reflect their particular age at the time of purchase. With time, consumers buy different products and services that would best suite them that time. for example where, for a female teenager she would be more concerned with her appearance be fascinated with tattooing and piercing for beauty as well as cosmetic surgery during her teenage years, but during her middle aged when she is more mature she tends to be concerned about how her appearance will influence her children, as a mature lady and responsible and respectable lady. Occupation and economic circumstances An individual’s occupation or line of work also influences the nature of purchase that he/she is involved in and therefore often marketers use this fact to market various products. A teenager will buy cheap cosmetics while a middle aged lady will likely buy more expensive cosmetics. Products alterna tives are greatly influenced by the economic state of affairs that a consumer is exposed to. Once a consumer is in position to earn an attractive amount of money, he/she will be attempted to buy expensive products as opposed to a consumer who is earning very little who will only buy cheap products because that is what they can afford. (Lancaster Withey 2006, 45) explain that economic situation of an individual influences on an individual’s power attitude toward spending versus saving. Marketers usually use research data on personal income, savings and interest rates while designing products so that they can effectively segment, place and target specific consumers. When there is an economic recession hit the commercial world marketers were force to redesign products so that more affordable products could be made available to consumers. Lifestyle How a person chooses to live is defined as lifestyle. An Individuals living lifestyle is articulated in the various activities, inte rest and opinions that surround his/her daily livelihood. Marketers look at what relationship their product has to a person lifestyle. For example, cosmetic manufactures produce products that are beauty oriented. The marketer target individuals who are cautious about their image and thus his goal are to design a brand that is a direct reflection the lifestyle of various individuals. Personality and self- concept Different people have different personalities. Depending on the situation an individual is said to posses’ different personality traits. Personality can be a great influence to a consumer while deciding to purchase a product. For example, a cosmetic company might discover that many prospectors show high self- confidence, dominance and beauty. This suggests designing the cosmetic advertisement to appeal to these traits. Marketers also try to develop brands images that match the target market’s self image. Consumers must decide whether to acquire, use or dispose of an offering. They may need to decide whether to spend or save their money when they earn extra cash. How much they decide to spend may be influenced by their perceptions of how much they recall spending in the past (Charles et al 2009, 127). Psychological factors How an individual chooses to buy a product is influenced by four major psychological factors namely: Motivation In a given period of time as an individual there are many needs that one has. There are theories that tend to explain more about human motivation. Some are as follows: Sigmund Freud motivation theory: This theory assumes that the psychological factors influencing individuals actions are mainly unaware, and that an individual cannot comprehensively appreciate his impulses, for instance the middle aged her highest level was cosmetic surgery this is to make her feel like she is still young and the lowest rank being tattooing and piercing and since she is mature and she would like to present herself in a respectabl e manner she would only prioritize on cosmetic surgery, eye surgery and laser skin treatment (Dwyer, Schurr and Oh 1987, 17). Laddering is a method which can be used to accurately determine a person’s motivations that influence his behavior. Then marketing experts can make important strategic decisions that are involved with the design of messages that appeal to consumers. Maslow’s theory: This theory classifies needs into: psychological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self actualization needs with the highest level being self actualization needs. Maslow suggests that individuals will attempt to cater for their most important needs first. When an individual achieves certain needs within this hierarchy these needs will no longer motivate them and therefore will move forward to cater for other needs which motivate him most. Maslow’s theory assists marketers understand how plans, goals and motives are the main reason behind purchases made by co nsumers. Herzberg’s theory: â€Å"Fredrick Herzberg came up with the factor theory that differentiates issues causing discontent from the satisfiers therefore taking centre stage in determining human behavior† (Davis 1961, 45). Herzberg’s theory has two implications. First, sellers should do their best to avoid factors that bring about dissatisfaction. Secondly, the manufacturer should precisely identify satisfiers and therefore aim to incorporate them in production in order to motivate consumers to purchase his/her products. These satisfiers determination to formulate the key variation as to which product the customer buys. Perception It is the course of action by which an individual selects, organizes and understands information inputs to build a significant representation of the world. Perception depends not only on the nature of the stimuli but also on the immediate environment unto which the stimuli emanates from (Anderson and Narus 1990, 49). People can ap pear to have diverse perceptions of the similar product since there are three perceptual processes: selection attention, it’s where the person screens all that she/he sees and hears and pays interest simply to preferred ones, selective distortion, it’s the affinity to change information into exceptional meanings and understand the information in a way that determine to fit the consumers’ perceptions, selective retention; people will disregard much on what they learn however, they will be likely to hold on to the information that supports their attitudes and beliefs. Selective retention defines why marketers use presentation and repletion in delivering messages to their target market (Ford 1980, 344). Learning Learning it’s the changing of an individual’s performance though experience. Learning experts insist that learning occurs when different forms of stimuli are introduced within the environment to reinforce behavior and responses of individuals. Cues are slight stimuli are the main drivers that define behavior exhibited by individuals. Learning theory enables marketers formulate various forms of stimuli that are incorporated into marketing strategy with the main aim of influencing consumer behavior. Various cues are used by marketers to reinforce consumer behavior by designing marketing messages that can easily influence human behavior Beliefs and attitudes Through knowledge, people achieve beliefs and attitudes. Thus it influences their consumer behavior. A belief is a vivid notion that an individual holds concerning something. Beliefs may be based on facts, view or faith. Manufacturers are greatly responsive and concerned in the values people bear in their minds regarding their goods and services. These philosophies make up brand descriptions and associations that can lead consumers into displaying desired actions once consumers are exposed to a set of pre determined images. If a few viewpoints are mistaken and stall pur chase, the manufacture will want to initiate an operation to approve these beliefs. For example, the use of laser treatment for hair had a negative effect on the consumer; the manufacturer should launch another product that would not have the same effect to the consumers. An attitude is a set of favorable or unfavorable opinions/conclusions, about certain objects or ideas. Ethics play a major function in consumer behavior. Some consumers may want to avoid products made by factories with questionable labor practices (Halinen 1995). The Buying Decision Process These are: Problem recognition The buying procedure begins as soon as the buyer recognizes a difficulty or need. The demand can be triggered interior or exterior stimuli. In case of interior stimuli, an individual basic need arises to a verge level and becomes a drive. In case of exterior stimuli a want is aroused by peripheral stimuli. Information search Recommendations A manufacturer of goods and brands where group control is well-built must establish how to achieve and persuade the belief leaders have in these growths. A belief leader is someone in informal product connected to relations who offers information or informs regarding a precise product or product type. A marketer ought to contact opinions leaders by identifying demographic and psychological distinctiveness allied with opinion control, identifying the medium read by opinion leaders along with directing messages at them e.g. the firm are more responsible to advertise their services of tattooing and piercing to young adult in view of the fact that they are more to beauty than selling laser treatment for wrinkles which would be more valued by the old. Marketers should search for relationships between their products and lifestyle group, for example for a middle-aged she would prioritize her needs to cosmetic surgery this is to enable her to feel like she is still young and the lowest need being tattooing and piercing and since she is mature and she would like to present herself in a respectable manner she would only prioritize on cosmetic surgery, eye surgery and laser skin treatment. And The old lady, she would prioritized her options to eye surgery to avoid wearing glasses, followed by the laser skin treatments to prevent her from looking too old and avoid the wrinkles from appearing (Heide 1994, 74). Marketers should also try to develop brand images that match the target market’s self image, for instance setting up a laser treatment infirmary to an educational institution that’s full of students who range from 18 to 24 instead of body art facility for fashion or a cultural body art as a reflection of ethnicity. The marketer should have a selection attention that means marketers have to work hard to attract consumers’ notice, for instance through the first information that is acquired through the first sight, the package of the product should catch the attention of the consumer where the model advert ising the product should be appealing and the product should make sure that the aim of the achiever which is beauty should be noted on the product (BAC 2011, 13). References Anderson, J. and Narus, J., 1990. â€Å"A model of distributor firm and manufacturer firm working.† Journal of Marketing, Vol. 54, pp. 42-58. Anderson, P., 1982. â€Å"Marketing, Strategic Planning, and the Theory of the Firm.† Journal of Marketing, 46, 7–23. BAC, 2011. Cosmetic industry in Russian Federation: Business Report 2011. Moscow: Business Analytic Center (BAC). Charles, L. et al, 2009. Essentials of Marketing. Natorp Boulevard: Cengage Learning. Davis, K. R., 1961. Marketing Management: Text and Cases. New York: The Ronald Press Company. Dwyer, F. R., Schurr, P. and Oh, S., 1987. â€Å"Developing buyer-seller relationships.† Journal of Marketing, Vol. 51, pp. 11-27. Ford, D., 1980. â€Å"Buyer/seller relationships in international industrial markets†, European.† Journal of Marketing, Vol. 14 No. 5, pp. 339-54. Ford, D., 1990. â€Å"Understanding Business Markets: Interaction, Relationships and Processes.† Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. 5, pp. 319-32. Halinen, A., 1995. Presentation Development of buyer-seller relationships: suggestions for future in London. Heide, J., 1994. â€Å"Interorganizational governance in marketing channels.† Journal of Marketing, Vol. 58, pp. 71-85. Koontz, H. Weihrich, H., 2009. Essence of Management an International Perspective. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill. Kotler, P., 1999. Principles of marketing, (2nd edn). New York: Prentice Hall, 1999. Kotler, P., 2003. Marketing Insights from A to Z: 80 concepts every manager needs to know. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons Inc. Lancaster, G. Withey, F., 2006. Marketing Fundamentals’: CIM Course book. London: Oxford publishers. Porter, M., 1990. Competitive advantage, illustrated edn, Northampton, MA: Free Press. Waterschoot, W. and van den Bulte, C., 1992. â€Å"The 4P classification of the marketing mix revisited.† Journal of Marketing, Vol. 56, pp. 83-93. This report on Understanding of Buyers’ Behavior was written and submitted by user Ellen Sharpe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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This is the educational standard advocated by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) that is required in most states....

War of 1812 Overview - Campaigns of 1814

War of 1812 Overview - Campaigns of 1814 1813: Success on Lake Erie, Failure Elsewhere | War of 1812: 101 | 1815: New Orleans Peace A Changing Landscape As 1813 came to a close, the British began to focus their attention on the war with the United States. This began as an increase in naval strength which saw the Royal Navy expand and tighten their full commercial blockade of the American coast. This effectively eliminated the majority of American commerce which led to regional shortages and inflation. The situation continued to worsen with the fall of Napoleon in March 1814. Though initially heralded by some in the United States, the implications of the French defeat soon became apparent as the British were now freed to increase their military presence in North America. Having failed to capture Canada or force peace during the wars first two years, these new circumstance put the Americans on the defensive and transformed the conflict into one of national survival. The Creek War As the war between the British and Americans raged, a faction of the Creek nation, known as the Red Sticks, sought to halt white encroachment into their lands in the Southeast. Agitated by Tecumseh and led by William Weatherford, Peter McQueen, and Menawa, the Red Sticks were allied with the British and received arms from the Spanish in Pensacola. Killing two families of white settlers in February 1813, the Red Sticks ignited a civil war among between the Upper (Red Stick) and Lower Creek. American forces were drawn in that July when US troops intercepted a party of Red Sticks returning from Pensacola with arms. In the resulting Battle of Burnt Corn, the American soldiers were driven away. The conflict escalated on August 30 when over 500 militia and settlers were massacred just north of Mobile at Fort Mims. In response, Secretary of War John Armstrong authorized military action against the Upper Creek as well as a strike against Pensacola if the Spanish were found to be involved. To deal with the threat, four volunteer armies were to move into Alabama with the goal of meeting at the Creek holy ground near the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers. Advancing that fall, only Major General Andrew Jacksons force of Tennessee volunteers achieved meaningful success, defeating the Red Sticks at Tallushatchee and Talladega. Holding an advanced position through the winter, Jacksons success was rewarded with additional troops. Moving out from Fort Strother on March 14, 1814, he won a decisive victory at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend thirteen days later. Moving south into the heart of the Creek holy ground, he built Fort Jackson at the junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa. From this post, he informed the Red Sticks that they were surrender and sever ties with the British and Spanish or be c rushed. Seeing no alternative, Weatherford made peace and concluded the Treaty of Fort Jackson that August. By the terms of the treaty, the Creek ceded 23 million acres of land to the United States. Changes Along the Niagara After two years of embarrassments along the Niagara frontier, Armstrong appointed a new group of commanders to achieve victory. To lead American forces, he turned to newly promoted Major General Jacob Brown. An active commander, Brown had successfully defended Sackets Harbor the previously year and was one of a few officers to have escaped the 1813 St. Lawrence expedition with his reputation intact. To support Brown, Armstrong provided a group of newly promoted brigadier generals which included Winfield Scott and Peter Porter. One of the few standout American officers of the conflict, Scott was quickly tapped by Brown to oversee the armys training. Going to extraordinary lengths, Scott relentlessly drilled the regulars under his command for the upcoming campaign (Map). A New Resilience To open the campaign, Brown sought to re-take Fort Erie before turning north to engage British forces under Major General Phineas Riall. Crossing the Niagara River early on July 3, Browns men succeeded in surrounding the fort and overwhelming its garrison by noon. Learning of this, Riall began moving south and formed a defensive line along the Chippawa River. The next day, Brown ordered Scott to march north with his brigade. Moving towards the British position, Scott was slowed by an advance guard led by Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Pearson. Finally reaching the British lines, Scott elected to await reinforcements and withdrew a short distance south to Street Creek. Though Brown had planned a flanking movement for July 5, he was beat to the punch when Riall attacked Scott. In the resulting Battle of Chippawa, Scotts men soundly defeated the British. The battle made Scott a hero and provided a badly needed morale boost (Map). Heartened by Scotts success, Brown hoped to take Fort George and link up with Commodore Isaac Chaunceys naval force on Lake Ontario. With this done, he could begin a march westward around the lake towards York. As in the past, Chauncey proved uncooperative and Brown advanced only as far as Queenston Heights as he knew Riall was being reinforced. British strength continued to grow and command was assumed by Lieutenant General Gordon Drummond. Unsure of British intentions, Brown dropped back to the Chippawa before ordering Scott to reconnoiter north. Locating the British along Lundys Lane, Scott immediately moved to attack on July 25. Though outnumbered, he held his position until Brown arrived with reinforcements. The ensuing Battle of Lundys Lane lasted until midnight and was fought to a bloody draw. In the fighting, Brown, Scott, and Drummond were wounded, while Riall was wounded and captured. Having taken heavy losses and now outnumbered, Brown elected to fall back on Fort Erie. Slowly pursued by Drummond, American forces reinforced Fort Erie and succeeded in repelling a British attack on August 15. The British attempted a siege of the fort, but were forced to withdraw in late September when their supply lines were threatened. On November 5, Major General George Izard, who had taken over from Brown, ordered the fort evacuated and destroyed, effectively ending the war on the Niagara frontier. 1813: Success on Lake Erie, Failure Elsewhere | War of 1812: 101 | 1815: New Orleans Peace 1813: Success on Lake Erie, Failure Elsewhere | War of 1812: 101 | 1815: New Orleans Peace Up Lake Champlain With the conclusion of hostilities in Europe, General Sir George Prevost, the governor-general of Canada and commander-in-chief of British forces in North America, was informed in June 1814 that over 10,000 veterans of the Napoleonic Wars would dispatched for use against the Americans. He was also told that London expected him to undertake offensive operations before the close of the year. Assembling his army south of Montreal, Prevost intended to strike south through the Lake Champlain corridor. Following the route of Major General John Burgoynes failed Saratoga Campaign of 1777, Prevost elected to take this path due to antiwar sentiment found in Vermont. As on Lakes Erie and Ontario, both sides on Lake Champlain had been engaged in a ship-building race for over a year. Having built a fleet of four ships and twelve gunboats, Captain George Downie was to sail up (south) the lake in support of Prevosts advance. On the American side, the land defense was headed by Major General George Izard. With the arrival of British reinforcements in Canada, Armstrong believed that Sackets Harbor was under threat and ordered Izard to leave Lake Champlain with 4,000 men to reinforce the Lake Ontario base. Though he protested the move, Izard departed leaving Brigadier General Alexander Macomb with a mixed force of around 3,000 to man the newly built fortifications along the Saranac River. The Battle of Plattsburgh Crossing the border on August 31 with around 11,000 men, Prevosts advance was harassed by Macombs men. Undaunted, the veteran British troops pushed south and occupied Plattsburgh on September 6. Though he badly outnumbered Macomb, Prevost paused for four days to prepare to assault the American works and to allow Downie time to arrive. Supporting Macomb was Master Commandant Thomas MacDonoughs fleet of four ships and ten gunboats. Arrayed in a line across Plattsburgh Bay, MacDonoughs position required Downie to sail further south and round Cumberland Head before attacking. With his commanders eager to strike, Prevost intended to move forward against Macombs left while Downies ships attacked the Americans in the bay. Arriving early on September 11, Downie moved to attack the American line. Forced to combat light and variable winds, the British were unable to maneuver as desired. In a hard-fought battle, MacDonoughs ships took a beating were able to overcome the British. During the battle, Downie was killed as were many of the officers on his flagship, HMS Confiance (36 guns). Ashore, Prevost was late in moving forward with his assault. While artillery on both sides dueled, some British troops advanced and were achieving success when they were recalled by Prevost. Having learned of Downies defeat on the lake, the British commander decided to call off the assault. Believing that control of the lake was necessary for the resupply of his army, Prevost argued that any advantage gained by taking the American position would be negated by the inevitable need to withdraw down the lake. By evening, Prevosts massive army was retreating back to Canada, much to the astonishment of Macomb. Fire in the Chesapeake With the campaigns underway along the Canadian border, the Royal Navy, guided by Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane, worked to tighten the blockade and conduct raids against the American coast. Already eager to inflict damage on the Americans, Cochrane was further encouraged in July 1814 after receiving a letter from Prevost asking him to assist in avenging the American burnings of several Canadian towns. To execute these attacks, Cochrane turned to Rear Admiral George Cockburn who had spent much of 1813 raiding up and down the Chesapeake Bay. To support these operations, a brigade of Napoleonic veterans, led by Major General Robert Ross, was dispatched to the region. On August 15, Ross transports passed the Virginia Capes and sailed up the bay to join with Cochrane and Cockburn. Discussing their options, the three men elected to attempt an attack on Washington DC. This combined force quickly trapped Commodore Joshua Barneys gunboat flotilla in the Patuxent River. Pushing upstream, they swept aside Barneys force and began landing Rosss 3,400 men and 700 marines on August 19. In Washington, the Madison Administration struggled to meet the threat. Not believing Washington would be a target, little had been done in terms of preparation. Organizing the defense was Brigadier General William Winder, a political appointee from Baltimore who had previously been captured at the Battle of Stoney Creek. As the bulk of the US Armys regulars were occupied in the north, Winder was forced to largely rely on militia. Meeting no resistance, Ross and Cockburn advanced rapidly from Benedict. Moving through Upper Marlborough, the two decided to approach Washington from the northeast and cross the East Branch of the Potomac at Bladensburg (Map). Massing 6,500 men, including Barneys sailors, Winder opposed the British at Bladensburg on August 24. In the Battle of Bladensburg, which was viewed by President James Madison, Winders men were forced back and driven from the field despite inflicting higher losses on the British (Map). As American troops fled back through the capital, the government evacuated and Dolley Madison worked to save key items from the Presidents House. The British entered the city that evening and soon the Capitol, Presidents House, and Treasury Building were ablaze. Camping on Capitol Hill, the British troops resumed their destruction the following day before beginning the march back to their ships that evening. 1813: Success on Lake Erie, Failure Elsewhere | War of 1812: 101 | 1815: New Orleans Peace 1813: Success on Lake Erie, Failure Elsewhere | War of 1812: 101 | 1815: New Orleans Peace By the Dawns Early Light Emboldened by their success against Washington, Cockburn next advocated for a strike against Baltimore. A pro-war city with a fine harbor, Baltimore had long served as a base for American privateers operating against British commerce. While Cochrane and Ross were less enthusiastic, Cockburn succeeded in convincing them to move up the bay. Unlike Washington, Baltimore was defended by Major George Armisteads garrison at Fort McHenry and around 9,000 militia who had been busy building an elaborate system of earthworks. These latter defensive endeavors were overseen Major General (and Senator) Samuel Smith of the Maryland militia. Arriving at the mouth of the Patapsco River, Ross and Cochrane planned a two-prong attack against the city with the former landing at North Point and advancing overland, while the navy attacked Fort McHenry and the harbor defenses by water. Going ashore at North Point early on September 12, Ross began advancing towards the city with his men. Anticipating Ross actions and needing more time to complete the citys defenses, Smith dispatched 3,200 men and six cannon under Brigadier General John Stricker to delay the British advance. Meeting in the Battle of North Point, American forces successfully delayed the British advance and killed Ross. With the generals death, command ashore passed to Colonel Arthur Brooke. The next day, Cochrane advanced the fleet up the river with the goal of attacking Fort McHenry. Ashore, Brooke pushed on to the city but was surprised to find substantial earthworks manned by 12,000 men. Under orders not to attack unless with a high chance of success, he halted to await the outcome of Cochranes assault. In the Patapsco, Cochrane was hampered by shallow waters which precluded sending forward his heaviest ships to strike at Fort McHenry. As a result, his attack force consisted of five bomb ketches, 10 smaller warships, and the rocket vessel HMS Erebus. By 6:30 AM they were in position and opened fire on Fort McHenry. Remaining out of range of Armisteads guns, the British ships struck the fort with heavy mortar shells (bombs) and Congreve rockets from Erebus. As the ships closed, they came under intense fire from Armisteads guns and were compelled to draw back to their original positions. In effort to break the stalemate, the British attempted to move around the fort after dark but were thwarted. By dawn, the British had fired between 1,500 and 1,800 rounds at the fort with little impact. As the sun began to rise, Armistead ordered the forts small storm flag lowered and replaced with the standard garrison flag measuring 42 feet by 30 feet. Sewn by local seamstress Mary Pickersgill, the flag was clearly visible to all of the ships in the river. The sight of the flag and the ineffectiveness of the 25-hour bombardment convinced Cochrane that the harbor could not be breached. Ashore, Brooke, with no support from the navy, decided against a costly attempt on the American lines and began retreating towards North Point where his troops re-embarked. The successful defense of the fort inspired Francis Scott Key, a witness to the fighting, to write The Star-Spangled Banner. Withdrawing from Baltimore, Cochranes fleet departed the Chesapeake and sailed south where it would play role in the wars final battle. 1813: Success on Lake Erie, Failure Elsewhere | War of 1812: 101 | 1815: New Orleans Peace

The Impact of foreign Investment(with reference to china and india) on Dissertation

The Impact of foreign Investment(with reference to china and india) on Nigeria's Economy and how Nigeria as a developing country - Dissertation Example Nigeria is the most heavily populated country in African continent. It is one of the rapidly developing economies in Africa along with South Africa. Moreover, Nigeria is blessed with immense oil and other natural resources. However, technological advancements in Nigeria are not so good. As a result of that it is incapable of exploiting the natural resources properly. Being the most rapidly emerging economies in the world, India and China can help Nigeria immensely in streamlining its economic growth. Plenty of Indian and Chinese companies are currently operating in Nigeria in different sectors such as agriculture, oil, mining, refining, automobile manufacturing, banking, retailing etc. These countries are helping Nigeria to exploit its natural resources judiciously. This paper analyses the impact of foreign investment (with reference to China and India) on Nigeria’s economy and how Nigeria as a developing nation can promote Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Table of Contents 1. 0 Introduction Globalization is a process through which the activities done in one part of the world affects people on other parts of the world (Reich 1998: 5). According to Lieber and Weisberg, globalization helps people all over the world in the creation of a stronger and stable world (Lieber and Weisberg 2002: 274). Huge changes are taking place in this world after the introduction of globalization and liberalization. Some of the underdeveloped economies such as India, and China are currently emerging as the most rapidly developing economies in the world, mainly because of their ability to exploit the opportunities provided by globalization. These countries were successful mainly because of their readiness to open up their domestic market for foreign direct investments. The importance of free market and private enterprise in promoting economic globalization was explained by many scholars (Ghai1997: 1) The economy of the world keeps improving and keeps becoming more integrated as most countries want to play/contribute to a role in the economy of the 21st century. Globalisation keeps increasing as countries try to identify their competitive advantages and use their available resources to secure profits for themselves. Trade has now being expanded compared to the past, services and cross boarder flows of financial resources and people. Countries all over the world have realised that domestic resources alone may not help them much in streamlining the economic growth. As a result of that majority of the countries have already opened up their economies and liberalized the rules and regulations to attract more and more foreign direct investments or FDI. FDI is the investment of foreign capital in domestic goods and services. According to Dicken (2007, p.36), direct investment is a kind of investment intended to gain control over the activities of another firm. FDI is the investment across nations. â€Å"The flow of FDI and portfolio investments across countries g enerates a very large amount of investment incomes going in the opposite direction† Ietto-Giles 2002: 27). On the other hand, Adina (2011) mentioned about the training effect of FDI. In her opinion, FDI may help a country to modernize techniques and technologies, increase production and supply of goods, improve quality and competitiveness, create new jobs and grow the quality of life (Adina 2011: 148). In short, it is difficult for a country to develop properly in the modern era with the help of

Describe your background in business and accounting, achieved through Personal Statement - 1

Describe your background in business and accounting, achieved through either academic or professional experiences - Personal Statement Example Carey School of Business. I have always believed that it is practical application which will add completeness to the theoretical skills gained in the classroom. In line with this conviction, I chose to spend last summer working as an assistant for a small accounting firm. I was instrumental in preparing financial reports and balance sheets. Those two months of hands-on exposure to real-time accounting has given me a glimpse into the authentic world of Business and has reinforced my belief that Accountancy is my right career choice. As my father is an entrepreneur and international businessman in China, a business background has always been a part of my life. My father has made me his confidant and I am familiar with many of the practical aspects and difficulties of international business. However, I am convinced that a solid academic foundation is the best route to success in any field. I believe that the MACC Program will serve as my stepping stone to success and equip me with the skills I need to become a formidable player in the business

Using Nature to Relieve Stress Essay -- Emotions Environmental Essays

Using Nature to Relieve Stress Hectic and busy lives seem to be the norm and a major part of today’s world. People are always rushing to get things done, whether it is a project deadline or just keeping up with the pace of life. These time constraints are usually related to external influences in our lives – work, school, traffic, family, friends and/or life in general. All these factors create drama in life and lead to stress; however, some people have higher levels of stress than others. Stress is not healthy; in fact, it has been proven to cause serious health problems such as heart disease, high blood pressure, depression and even death. Sometimes, people just need to get away from the stresses of life, do something different and just RELAX!!! This may involve taking a day off from work or the stressor in life, going to the beach or some other place, getting a massage, or anything else to escape the stressor. What many people do not realize is there is something usually not far away that c an relieve stress – nature. For many people nature is the number one way to relieve stress. There are numerous videos, cassette tapes and CD’s on the market that show nature scenes and/or play nature sounds. One might ask why. Well, the answer is that nature tends to be peaceful, calm and relaxing. It is a place where someone can get away from the madness of a busy life. There are many companies and individuals trying to sell all kinds of things to get people to relax and â€Å"de-stress† their lives. In addition to the videos, tapes and CD’s, there is an abundance of marketing strategies to relieve stress including: counseling, exercise or health clubs, pills, massage therapists and health spas. All this â€Å"stuff† can becom... ...ess, which in itself, may create more stress from the financial burden. Nature is basically free – all one has to do is get there. For most people, it is right in their back yards, and they may not even be aware that it is so close. Many large cities are creating greenways and natural areas with trails so that people can escape the hectic rush of city life and get back to nature. This is also a positive way of helping with pollution by having more trees to provide oxygen. You can just sit and relax, let your senses soak up nature, or take the verbal approach and scream out your stress. Whatever you choose to do, don’t bash nature as a way to relieve stress until you try it. Ultimately, stress is harmful and can have long-lasting physical and emotional effects on a person. Just do it - believe it or not, nature may be the one thing that can relieve stress.

Literary Analysis- All Summer in a Day

Jeremy Olsen Mrs. Harvan Art of Writing 12 April 2010 All Summer in a Day Most children grow up not knowing how the world works around them. They don’t understand why people are different from one other and they react differently to with jealousy or cruelty when someone is not like they are. In All Summer in a Day, by Ray Bradbury, the children are jealous and angry with Margot because she has experienced things in life they have not, so the kids treat her unfairly because of it. From the beginning of the story the kids never liked Margot and treated her cruelly. When she starts to tell the kids in her class how the sun is â€Å"like a fire in a stove† (Bradbury 1) she is cut off by a boy and told â€Å"you’re lying you don’t remember† (2). Another instance when she is treated horribly by the kids is when she is told to â€Å"speak when spoken to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (3) by one of the boys in the class. When the time comes close to when the sun was going to come out the kids in the class say â€Å"Hey let’s put her in the closet before teacher comes back† (4) and all Margot could say was no. After they put her in the closet the sun came out and they all ran outside and forgot her until one of the kids says â€Å"she’s still in the closet where we locked her. †(5) this shows how unimportant she is to the kids and also how the kids can just go on after possibly ruining the girls life. At the end of the story when the kids realize they left Margot in the closet one of the girls says â€Å"well? † to the boy who put her in there and he didn’t even have a response because he felt horrible about what he did.