Strategic hospitality management(the case of yum) Study

Word Origin Influences Your Writing Voice

Word Origin Influences Your Writing Voice Word Origin Influences Your Writing Voice Word Origin Influences Your Writing Voice By Mark Nichol With regards to composing, would you say you are the Anglo-Saxon sort, or do you go for French style? You presumably understand that Modern English gets from a wide assortment of sources, and maybe know that words got from French are similarly as basic in our language as those that are plummeted legitimately from Old English, also called Anglo-Saxon. Be that as it may, did you realize that one of the highlights of English that make it such a rich language is a commonness, uncommon among the world’s dialects, of equivalent words, on account of the way that we have held words from both Anglo-Saxon and French (and regularly different dialects) that have a similar importance? What's more, have you thought about that whether you pick a word gotten from Anglo-Saxon or one obtained from French or one of its Latinate family members has a huge bearing on your composing voice? Because of the Norman Conquest, for instance, the Anglo-Saxon language turned into a second-class (or lower-class) tongue in England, displaced in political and social settings by Norman French, and in this way numerous cognates mirror the distinctions in relations to things between the two classes (who however their dialects contrasted were firmly related ethnically). For instance, Anglo-Saxon words for animals raised for food regularly mirror the job of Anglo-Saxons as attendants of domesticated animals (dairy animals, calf, sheep, pig), though the words got from French portray the food itself as it showed up on the table after development and planning by Anglo-Saxon ranchers and workers (hamburger, veal, lamb, pork). By a similar token, numerous Anglo-Saxon words appear, by correlation with French, progressively straightforward increasingly natural (or natural, instead of earthbound, similarly as Anglo-Saxon paradise is more essential than the French-based identical, divine). Different cognates that point out the varying viewpoints are sets like the unassuming home and the eminent chateau, however frequently, for each ace (French) there is a ruler (Anglo-Saxon). Obviously, Anglo-Saxon procured numerous words from Latin and its relatives before the Conquest, for example, the presentation of numerous strict terms during the spread of Christianity and the development of the language because of exchange with other European nations. Moreover, the Germanic clans that blended into the individuals of Anglo-Saxon England embraced numerous Latin and Greek terms before their appearance in Britain. Also, significantly after the generally Norman gentry relinquished their type of French for Middle English, the last language procured numerous words from the impact of the Renaissance, and early Modern English was similarly advanced by the Enlightenment. Notice, in your composition, regardless of whether you have a partiality with Anglo-Saxon or a French fixation, or whether you are bilingual: Do you give, or present? Do you depict somebody as misdirecting, or misleading? Do you allude to protective, nurturing, or selfless securities or warmth, or fatherly, maternal, or brotherly sentiments? Despite the fact that the quantity of English words got from every language is about the equivalent, the ones generally fundamental for essential correspondence are of Anglo-Saxon source, and numerous individuals relate substantial utilization of Latin-inferred words with verbosity and exaggerated language. What’s your style? Do you love words from Anglo-Saxon, or do you favor French structures? Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Business Writing class, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:The Royal Order of Adjectives 40 Synonyms for â€Å"Different†Sit versus Set

HR Reality Check

HR Reality Check When you are in search of your first job, in addition to looking for a post that matches your qualification, you may have to choose between working for a startup and working for an established firm.The decision you make should be taken after careful consideration of the pros and cons of both work environments in terms of the kind of environment that suits your personality and preferences (such as core beliefs, job role and career goals). Before that, it is worthwhile to gain a basic understanding of the various stages of development in a business’s life cycle from startup to corporate. © Shutterstock.com | Alexander SupertrampThis article examines first 1) stages of a company in order to understand 2) what you can expect when working in a startup?STAGES OF A COMPANYJust as human beings develop from a baby to a teenager, a business too goes through a life cycle starting from the seed stage. Each stage is characterized by different challenges, priorities, operations and financing sources. For example, a business owner may have to devote a considerable amount of his time in the course of the business’s initial start-up period. As the company makes progress, he can start delegating responsibilities to others.The five key stages in a typical business life cycle are described below.  1. Seed Stage StartupAt this point, the business is only an idea, concept, thought or prototype. The business must pursue one key opportunity and work to gain market acceptance. In addition, it must concentrate on selection of a business ownership structure, business planning and locating professional advisors. Owing to being in a period of no certain market or customers, the business is forced to rely on family, friends, possibly angel investors, government grants, suppliers and customers for cash.2. Early-Stage Startup (venture capital backed)The business is now a living entity and a legal one too. The production of goods and services has begun and the company has its first customers. At this stage, the business must be careful not to deplete whatever little cash is available in hand. With respect to the area of focus, it is establishing a market presence and customer base in addition to preserving and tracking cash flow. The business is funded by its owner, family, friends, grants, suppliers and customers. Venture capital (VC) financing is another option. Venture capital is fiscal capital given to early stage, growth startup companies of high potential. The venture capital fund brings in money by holding equity in the companies invested in.3. Growth-Stage Startup (more than $10m in funding)Now, the business has grown from a baby to a child. Profits are strong and customers and revenues are increasing with the addition of opportunities and problems. Competition is beginning to rear its head. At this stage of its growth, the business has to handle the challenge of constant concerns, calling for more money and time. The company should be able to perform effective management, possibly come up with a fresh business plan and start delegating and training to pass this development stage with flying colors. Money is acquired through banks, partnerships, profits, leasing options and grants.4. SME (established stage)The business is prospering at this stage and has a position in the market along with faithful customers. There is more routine in the company’s working with manageable sales growth. It has to concentrate on the bigger picture so that all the laurels gained up to this stage are not depleted because of an unyielding competitive marketplace , changes in customer tastes, the economy or other factors. Survival at this stage would call for better business practices, outsourcing and automation to increase productivity. Investors, profits, banks and the government are key sources of money at this stage.5. Corporate (Expansion Stage)This stage is marked by a new phase of growth into new distribution channels and markets. SME owners typically prefer this stage to acquire a bigger market share and discover new channels for income and profits. The research and planning of the first two stages comes in handy here. Companies at this stage of the life cycle would do well to concentrate on businesses that match their current abilities and experience rather than risking disaster by venturing into unrelated businesses. They can either take their existing business to new markets or introduce new goods and services to existing markets. The key money sources at this stage are joint ventures, new investors, licensing, banks and partners.  WHAT TO EXPECT WHEN WORKING IN A STARTUP COMPARED TO A CORPORATE?Working in a start-up (seed stage, early stage, growth stage) is more fast-paced, fast- and ever-changing and on the whole, a place where there’s a lot of action and free communication in contrast to the slower-paced and more structured corporate environment. On the one hand, there’s more flexibility, opportunities, a steeper learning curve and better chances to create an impact here than that in a corporate setup (SME, corporate). At the same time, it comes with lower compensation and greater risk than that which can be expected in a more established work setup.The following points describe working in a startup in more detail and how it compares to working in a corporate:TransparencyStartups are typically more transparent than their corporate counterparts. Information that employees become aware of in startups include: company performance week to week, what made the company begin a new arm of business, changes i n business plan(s), how the company progresses and its reaction to competitors. In addition the leadership may reveal the triggers behind organizational decisions and provide insight into them rather than looking for blind obedience and possibly, even ask for feedback before executing them. Though startups don’t usually reveal salary information just as corporate companies don’t, Buffer co-founder Leo Widrich surprised many by making the salaries of Buffer’s employees and the formula behind them transparent to the world. RoleIf you work in a startup, you can expect to have to wear different hats, being required to carry out tasks you may consider outside of your job description. It is even possible that you may have to perform grunt work. On the other hand, working in a more established or corporate environment means you know exactly where you stand in the hierarchy. You’ll have a well-defined job role. Your work will remain within that job role. So, the startup offers the o pportunity for multitasking and gaining knowledge about other aspects of business besides your speciality. The varied roles make it suitable for those who dread monotony. In the corporate environment, one’s responsibilities are clear-cut and one can’t expect to be able to enter into or learn about other areas of work but then again, this is deal for people with specific career goals. ResponsibilityYou can expect more responsibility thrust on your shoulders if you’re working in a startup, when compared to a corporate. The teams in a startup are usually smaller than those in a corporate business and because of that, you may probably be the only person with the skill set or problem solving ability you have and probably no one else thinks in the same manner you do. Expect to have to pull your weight from the first day itself. However, because of the great degree of responsibility you get, your skills would develop faster than in a more established environment. You can also be happ y about the fact that you are contributing to something potentially major, right from the start. This doesn’t just have to be skills. You could be contributing to shaping the company’s products or even its goals, values and culture. You may get the opportunity to road test or improve on your ideas in actual scenarios.PressureWorking in a startup is far from easygoing and involves working under tight deadlines. You can expect considerable pressure, more pressure than what you’d find at other kinds of companies. If you don’t have the personality for it, you may feel overwhelmed by the pressure to hit metrics, acquire more traction, accomplish growth and results, and so on. The environment at a corporate company is comparatively more regimented. Exposure and MentorshipAs mentioned earlier, in a startup, there is greater exposure to the business side when compared to the corporate environment. There’s also plenty of exposure to the founders. However the management is busy and most probably, may be less experienced than you in a particular field. You’ll have to learn things on your own. In contrast, the opportunities for specialist training or mentorship are better in a more established or corporate business setting. There are specialists in each department and in addition to specialist knowledge, you have access to best practices. The management is better trained and experienced than those in smaller companies.Working HoursIn a startup, working hours are mostly long (12 hour workdays are common) and you may have to make personal sacrifices. In addition, you’ll have to respond to emails and phone calls outside working hours. The founders of startups have put in so much time and dedication to their foetus that many of them would want their startup employees to work very hard and so the irregular hours (and also tight deadlines as discussed under “pressure”) to complete projects on time. In spite of the often crazy working hours though, startups com pensate by flexibility for telecommunication, allowing to work from home or letting one look after personal business at short notice. With respect to corporate companies, the working hours are explicitly laid out (fixed schedule such as 8 a.m to 5 p.m or 9 a.m to 6 p.m.) which is favorable for work-life balance.SecurityYou can expect more security of your job and less volatility when you’re working for a more established company than for a startup. When you’re at a startup, you must keep in mind that you could be laid off at any time owing to financial problems. Seed funding won’t last forever. If you’re lucky, good for you, if you’re not, you’re going to be jobless.Documentation reveals that three out of every four startups (75 percent) fail. According to separate studies by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S Department of Labor and the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, a not-for-profit concern that encourages U.S entrepreneurship, while approximately 60 percent of start-ups manage to endure only up to the age of three, only about 35 percent survive till the age of 10.Work expectationsIn the startup environment, getting work done is more important than perfection. Products and projects are not set in stone and improvement and revisions may have to be carried out as and when required. An employee in a startup shouldn’t allow himself to get stuck with one project for the sake of perfection. Secondly, scaling is not expected in this kind of environment. In fact, according to the Startup Genome Report, one of the common reasons for startups performing worse is premature scaling. Perfectionism and scaling are more welcome in a corporate environment.Work atmosphereThe atmosphere in a startup is characterized by more fun and open communication than that you’ll find in a corporate business. The opinions of all employees are valued.There’s rarely a dull moment as something is always happening. Dressing can be casual. There’s also great creat ive energy and team spirit. A startup employee’s colleagues usually share the same excitement and energy that he has and they all typically are aiming to achieve the same goals.RecognitionIn a startup environment, if you do good work, most probably your boss will notice it and even give you credit for it. At the same time, your boss will also easily notice whenever you’ve done something wrong. In contrast, when you’re at a corporate environment, most probably your “job well done” may hardly catch the attention of your boss so you can’t expect recognition for all the hard work you’ve put in. However, large companies do tolerate individual mistakes better.OpportunitiesIn a startup, you get a lot of opportunities, skills and experience (from having to be a jack of all trades) which you can adorn your CV with. What’s more, these will help you climb up the career ladder quite fast. Opportunities in a corporate setting are less or even lost. For example, owing to the diffi culties associated with changing product lines hastily at a large firm, the company could lose opportunities. The flexibility associated with a startup makes it easier to change key products fast. In the larger company setting, it is more of a challenge to progress up the career ladder.Compensation (Pay and benefits)The salaries and benefits in a startup are not much compared to what you’ll get in a corporate business. According to the Harvard Business Review,  it is a common trend among startups to pay average salaries that are 30 percent less than the market norms. In a startup, there is even a chance that you may be asked to accept a reduction in pay in exchange for equity. However, there may be in-office activities and paid lunches.The corporate environment offers better salary and benefits packages (such as holidays and healthcare). Insurance packages here are typically better than those seen with their startup counterparts. There may be more choice in the corporate insurance package which makes it possible to find something ideal for you and your family.Both the startup and corporate setting provide for a great professional experience. They both have their own distinct set of advantages and disadvantages so one can’t really say that one is better than the other â€" both types are just different. The most important thing to keep in mind to make the right choice of job (startup or corporate) is to know yourself and the different companies you are comparing, to work for. Whatever the environment you opt for, it shouldn’t take a toll on your health, or make you too uncomfortable. You don’t want to get fired just because the company structure and environment didn’t suit you in the first place.

Social Work Practice The Use of Self Free Essay Example, 2250 words

Social work profession promotes social change, problem-solving in human relationships and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being. Utilizing theories of human behavior and social systems, social work intervenes at the points where people interact with their environments. Principles of human rights and social justice are fundamental to social work. From protecting children, looking after the unemployed to caring for the elderly and others going through trauma or grief in their lives, the social worker plays an important role in the uplift of the community and the society at large. Although the social worker s role is important to the community, there are, however, ethical and good practice considerations that have to be kept in mind when practicing social work. Social workers have to live within the limits that are imposed by the law and may also have to work against prejudice in order to make a difference for the better. Social workers have to be clear about w hat is expected of them and what can be considered to be a job well done. The personal histories and characteristics of social workers can influence their work with clients. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Work Practice: The Use of Self or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page How the social worker s self is manifested during social work encounters and practice can make a lot of difference to the outcome of the efforts that are directed for the benefit of those who are in need of the social worker s assistance.

Evaluating And Quantitative Research Designs - 1579 Words

Assessing and Recommending Quantitative Research Designs Application Week 3 Laura Stuart Walden University †¢ Assess the strengths and limitations of each of the research designs presented in Week 2and 3. The assessment of the journals for week 2 3 that I studied had the following strengths and limitations. The strengths of the experimental designs are: it has randomized controlled and real-life studies. Next, group populations such as women and minorities were used to test their studies. Third, emphasis was laid on HIV/AIDS, weight loss, or fat intake. Moreover, the strengths outlined with quasi-experimental designs are a part of the pre-test and post-test in clinics for women and children nutrition. Furthermore, the population becomes more responsive to fat reduction if someone takes the initiative. According to Burger (2009), â€Å"limitations given in the first journal Would people still obey today? said some participants, more male than female, saw that pain shock up to 150 volts or a lesson on obedience did not persuade them to say if they wanted to participate. This was because they were not made aware of the suffering that could afflict them. Second, the payment of m oney and the teacher-student scenario did not let them know what to expect. Therefore, these participants said they were denied the option to say no to this demonstration and/or experience. Also, â€Å"participants encountered sitting in front of shock generators and gave incorrect answersShow MoreRelatedResearch Methodology : Research On Research1072 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Methodology Introduction: Introduction in research is the most important section as it gives an overview of the research and the contents of the document to the readers. It should take users from their own lives to the place of the research analysis. Introduction part should give the essential information of why the research topic is important in the field. It should be concise though it does not have any word limits. In general introduction gives the review of the research. It is the bestRead MoreResearch Process and Terminology927 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Process and Terminology The most important part of describing the research process in criminology and criminal justice research methods consists of being familiar with terminology. The knowledge of proper terminology can be an asset when evaluating, and analyzing research studies or data. However, not knowing the proper terminology when conducting research could affect an officer’s report negatively. Those interested in the study of criminology and criminal justice has a wide range ofRead MoreResearch Methodology For Adopting Mixed Method Approach1282 Words   |  6 PagesMethodology: In this chapter, the research methods commonly employed in social sciences, namely, qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods will first be discussed. I shall then describe my own research design, including the philosophical approach I adopted. This approach will be explained by identifying the ontological and epistemological standpoints assumed. The research strategy will be clarified, and the sampling procedures and participants of the study will be described. The processes of dataRead MoreThe Effect Of Relaxation And Guided Imagery On Knee Strength, Rein Jury Anxiety And Pain1511 Words   |  7 PagesPage (2012) stated that the importance and purpose of research is to answer an enquiry or define a phenomenon in a scientific practice, and building new knowledge. 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The search began with the CINAHLRead MoreResearch Methodology : Scientific And Systematic Approach For Relevant Information On A Specific Topic1204 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Methodology 3.1 Introduction Methodology is a scientific and systematic approach for relevant information on a specific topic. Suitable and correct usage of methodologies determines the consistency of success of any research. Bryman (2008) and Ethridge (2004) suggest that methodology used in conducting a research ascertains the objectives of the research. The collection of data, structuring and analyzing the results or findings needs proper usage of techniques and methodology. This chapterRead MoreQuantitative, Qualitative, And Mixed Methods1467 Words   |  6 PagesHypothetical Research Design In any sort of research, it is vital to have an excellent hypothetical platform. Such a platform forms the premise of the considerable number of phases of research. 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There are successful global brands like Apple Inc., Samsung, Microsoft, Coca-Cola, PepsiCo etc. The research paper emphasizes how renowned brands like these have managed to maintain their leading position in the global market and earn huge revenues despite of stiff competition through high branding strategy. 1.2 Research Questions This study attempts to answerRead MoreEconomics: The Data Analysis Methods818 Words   |  3 Pagesappropriately for the qualitative tradition or research design (e.g., case study, ethnography, grounded theory, etc.)? Why or why not? This was a mixed- triangulated study using both qualitative (case study observation) and quantitative methodology.. A survey design was used questioning participants on their opinion regarding whether their vocational performance was improved as a result of enhanced financial literacy. As the author pointed out, the design suffered from focusing on only one placeRead MoreUsing Teacher Evaluation Tools For Teaching And Learning Essay1524 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferences that veteran teachers had established courtesy of experience and expertise (Danielson, 2011). At present, there exists very little in research linking teacher evaluation based on FFT and student outcomes that can explain the kind of relationship that exist between them from the perspective of educational administrators. Also, there are no research accounts for administrators’ conceptions of teacher evaluation. It is expected that their contextual and individual factors are likely to assists

Lasik opened my eyes Free Essays

LASIK is the abbreviated term for Laser Assisted in-situ Keratomileusis. This technology is a type of refractive laser eye surgery done by ophthalmologist. LASIK provides cure for astigmatism, myopia and hyperopia. We will write a custom essay sample on Lasik opened my eyes or any similar topic only for you Order Now The procedure in conducting LASIK alternates photorefractive keratectomy/PRK since it requires minimal time for the patients recovery and less pain. In 1950, Jose Barraquer developed microkeratome. This was used to cut thin flaps in the cornea and changes its shape (keratomileusis). Barraquer also added in his findings how much of the cornea left unchanged to provide a stable result of the operation. In my personal view, this helped people with occurring malfunctions in their sight. In 1970’s-80’s, Svyatoslav Fyodorov and Theo Seiler developed Radial Keratectomy and Photo Refractive Keratomileus, respectively. The developments in more technical and procedural part of treating differences in the sight helped to cure other malfunctions found in the eye. In 1968, the scientists at the Northrup Corporation Research and Technology Center developed the Excimer laser. This development in eye surgery was the pillar in the advancement to LASIK. Through the developments and advances made by several scientists in the field of ophthalmology, LASIK was developed. In 1990, Buratto and Pallokaris introduced keratomileusis and photorefractive keratectomy. Combining the two techniques, ophthalogists find greater precision and less complication in eye surgery. In addition, limitations of excimer lasers were resolved through LASIK (LASIK surgery, 2007). LASIK cure refractive errors, improve vision, and eliminate the used of eye glasses/contact lenses. Blurred vision is not actually a problem since the technology of LASIK is available. Although the operation cost huge amount of money, nothing would price good vision. There are also risks in LASIK. Although the technology guarantees better results and effective eye resolution, complications sometimes come up. Equipment malfunctions, infections and wrong prescription would results to total lost of vision. This rarely happened when the patient apply for a non-licensed surgeon. LASIK as of today are classified into different types of laser ablations including conventional LASIK wavefront-optimized treatments, and wavefront-guided treatments. Conventional LASIK follows an ablation pattern of eye surgery. The surgery is based upon the patient’s glasses prescription. In most patients, this type of operation is effective but surgical errors could cause visual aberrations (Randleman and Payne, 2007). The advancement in modern science offers easier living for most of the people. LASIK provides fast, accurate and painless eye surgery for patients with refractive errors. Most probably in the future, the current procedure of eye surgery would continuously advance. Protocols may be different and will treat other errors in the eye. The laser technology used today may be used in other fields of science. With the help of LASIK eye surgery, I was able to obtain clear vision. Before, I’m having difficulties reading from far distances and I need first to wear my glasses. My glasses were thick and I was ashamed in the public wearing it. Until today, I can now read without my glasses anymore. References Randleman, J. and J. Payne. (2007). LASIK Eye Surgery. LASIK Eye Surgery Index. Retrieved December 3, 2007 from www.medicinenet.com. (2007). LASIK Surgery. The LASIK Directory. Retrieved December 3, 2007 from www.the-lasik-directory.com. Â   Â   Â   Â   Â   How to cite Lasik opened my eyes, Essay examples

Understanding of Buyers Behavior

Executive Summary The main purpose of this report is to understand the consumer buying behavior. The findings that were noted are that a consumer has diverse requirements and wishes.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Understanding of Buyers’ Behavior specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The marketers should search for relationships between their products and lifestyle group, for example for a middle-aged she would prioritize her needs to cosmetic surgery this is to enable her to feel like she is still young and the lowest need being tattooing and piercing and since she is mature and she would like to present herself in a respectable manner she would only prioritize on cosmetic surgery, eye surgery and laser skin treatment. And The old lady, she would prioritized her options to eye surgery to avoid wearing glasses, followed by the laser skin treatments to prevent her from looking too old and avoid the wrinkles f rom appearing Thus, buyers with different ages have different needs and spend different amounts on necessities and non necessities. Thus, the marketer should have be able to know the target market of its product and ways in which he/ she could attract these markets e.g. the could be able to attract consumers through promotions like bonus packs to prompt the consumers to buy and perhaps buy more than they otherwise would. Introduction Consumer behavior is a rational psychological process which allows consumers to critically evaluate their purchase options with the aim of justifying the reasons behind their purchases in order to maximize their own satisfaction. Consumer behavior involves on how consumers decide whether or not to purchase a product. The consumers’ decision is usually based on consumers decision making process with respect to understanding what the consumer wants, consumption and disposition of goods and services, activities, decision-making units ( overtime) (Ko tler 2003, 12). Consumer behavior means more than just the way that a person buys tangible goods; it also includes consumers’ use of services, activities experiences, and ideas. Marketers are very concerned with the manner in which consumers buy products and services. However, marketers are also intensely interested in consumer related to using and disposing of a product.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This include; acquisition – the process by which a consumer comes to own the product; usage- the process by which a consumer uses the product; and disposition – the process by which a consumer discards a product (Porter 1990, 8). The sequence of acquisition, consumption and disposition can occur over time in a dynamic order. Entire markets are designed around linking one consumer’s disposition decision to the customers’ acquisition decision s, for instance, when consumers buy used cars they are buying cars that others have disposed of and should be aware of it. Body modification Some of the image altering options reflecting the variety of behaviors by the illustration were: body art for fashion (tattooing and piercing); cultural body art as a reflection of ethnicity; myriad services of cosmetic enhancement- laser skin treatments for wrinkles and hair; Botox, collagen, cosmetic dentistry; body contouring using systems such as endermologie; eye surgery instead of using glasses; cosmetic dentistry i.e. veneers and whitening; and cosmetic surgery. Marketers have to identify its customer’s reference group so as to meet the customer demands. A referenced groups influence on particular individuals varies depending on particular products and brands therefore in some instances the influence of this group may either be significant or insignificant. Reference groups appear to influence both product and brand choice strongl y e.g. Some consumers have body parts pierced as a form of self expression, while others do it to fit into a group, still others believe that body piercing is a form of beauty or that it enhances sexual pleasure. individuals often purchase goods and services that reflect their particular age at the time of purchase. With time, consumers buy different products and services that would best suite them that time. For example where, for a female teenager she would be more concerned with her appearance be fascinated with tattooing and piercing for beauty as well as cosmetic surgery during her teenage years, but during her middle aged when she is more mature she tends to be concerned about how her appearance will influence her children, as a mature lady and responsible and respectable lady.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Understanding of Buyers’ Behavior specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More People tend to relate w hat they believe in and how the behave with the groups they are associated with. The groups play a very big role as they tend to introduce individuals to new practices and lifestyle, they also influence the behavior expressed by an individual while they also demand a compliance of the stipulated practices. Interview Results AGE/GROUP OPTIONS TEENAGER( 16- 24) MIDDLE AGE WOMAN(33-46) OLD LADY ( 50 AND ABOVE) Cosmetic surgery 3 10 7 Tattoo piercing 10 3 1 Eye surgery 6 7 10 Laser skin treatments 2 7 9 Cosmetic surgery i.e. whitening 8 6 5 Collagen 4 6 8 Note: Each attribution is related from 0 to 10, where 10 represent the highest level. For the teenager she was more into her appearance where the highest level was in tattooing and piercing for beauty as well as cosmetic surgery, such as whitening and the lowest being laser skin treatments since their skins have not been affected by the toxins of the cosmetics and now that she is young she will not be needing the skin laser treatments. For the middle aged, her highest level was cosmetic surgery this is to enable her to feel like she is still young and the lowest rank being tattooing and piercing and since she is mature and she would like to present herself in a respectable manner she would only prioritize on cosmetic surgery, eye surgery and laser skin treatment. The old lady, she prioritized her options to eye surgery to avoid wearing glasses, followed by the laser skin treatments to prevent her from looking too old and avoid the wrinkles from appearing. Once a consumer is in position to earn an attractive amount of money, he/she will be attempted to buy expensive products as opposed to a consumer who is earning very little who will only buy cheap products because that is what they can afford. (Lancaster Withey 2006, 45) explain that economic situation of an individual influences on an individual’s power attitude toward spending versus saving. Society is made up people with different so cial classes. These classes mostly are defined in terms of status, wealth, living condition among other factors. the society has the upper class these are the rich who are regarded to have too much wealth at their dispose, then there are those who define as the middle class who earn average income while the low class are the poor who have very little wealth at their disposal. Depending on which class a consumer is from, it is always going to influence their being decision that why an individual from the upper class social status will always buy good in bulk because they can afford to pay for them while the low class consumer will only buy goods that will presently be of use because that’s only what they can afford (Ford 1990, 322; Waterschoot and van den Bulte 1992, 88).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Analysis and Comparison of results Consumer behavior does not necessarily reflect the action of a single individual, a group of friends, coworkers, or an entire family may have an impact on the decision making of the individual and their attitudes towards the product. However, some decisions about whether to acquire, use, or dispose of a product are related to personal goals, safety concerns or desire to reduce economic, social or psychological risk. There are several factors that may influence buyer behavior which include; Culture Every individual is a member of a particular cultural group or society. Depending on the cultural practices of that particular society, an individual is likely to be influenced while purchasing a product or service because of the cultural practices present. Culture can be defined as the beliefs of a group of people how they behave, and their thoughts about various subjects. For example when a child is growing up, what the child learns from the parents and other individual relating to the child like teachers, friends, and family members would likely influence the child’s behavior as he/she grows up. That’s why people of different cultural societies end up purchasing goods and services because of the influence they have from their cultural background. Within the cultural factors lies sub factors which also influence buyer’s behavior. In each cultural group there is a sub division of a group of people having the same kind of behavior and share values based on one common belief. According to Anderson (1982, 14) he states that the sub cultural divisions are very important market segments as their provide markets to programs that are set up to meet their needs. Marketers are then encouraged to come up with products that best satisfy the needs of the people in a particular geographic group. Another sub factor is social class. The society is made up people with different social classes. These classes mostly are defined in terms of status, wealth, living condition among other factors. the society has the upper class these are the rich who are regarded to have too much wealth at their dispose, then there are those who define as the middle class who earn average income while the low class are the poor who have very little wealth at their disposal. Depending on which class a consumer is from, it is always going to influence their being decision that why an individual from the upper class social status will always buy good in bulk because they can afford to pay for them while the low class consumer will only buy goods that will presently be of use because that’s only what they can afford. Marketers mostly choose to design products once they are sure of the kind of social class they are targeting. Clearly classification of social classes creates a distinct position in which products and services are designed and branded from clothing, home furnishings, leisure activities and automobiles Some mark eters focus on their efforts on one social class thus products will not sale to the market as anticipated Social factors How a consumer behaves is also influenced by various social factors such as; Reference groups These are groups that have some kind of influence on a person’s attitude or behavior. The influence may be direct or indirect. For example groups formed by leaders may influence the opinion of their followers, religious leaders and church groups may influence what the congregation believes in; the artists may influence their funs and so on. People tend to relate what they believe in and how the behave with the groups they are associated with. The groups play a very big role as they tend to introduce individuals to new practices and lifestyle, they also influence the behavior expressed by an individual while they also demand a compliance of the stipulated practices. These groups put pressure on the consumer consent and influence on the choice of product and service purchase (Kotler 1999, 102). Marketers have to identify its customer’s reference group so as to meet the customer demands. A referenced groups influence on particular individuals varies depending on particular products and brands therefore in some instances the influence of this group may either be significant or insignificant. Reference groups appear to influence both product and brand choice strongly e.g. Some consumers have body parts pierced as a form of self expression, while others do it to fit into a group, still others believe that body piercing is a form of beauty or that it enhances sexual pleasure. Family Most people base their buying decision based on if it would be of use to the family members. Families are considered as one of the most important buying units within the economy and therefore of great importance to marketers. Marketers through conducting research can effectively know which role each and every member of the family plays as far as consumer behavior is concerned. That is why the marketers have to be aware of the person who has the most influence in determining product choice. If for example the woman has the most influence then marketers would use various ways to attract that market. Roles and statuses A role can be explained as a set of various activities a person is required to carry out within the society. Each role is determined by the individual’s status. Most people will choose products that communicate their role and status in the society, for instance the middle aged her highest level was cosmetic surgery this is to enable her to feel like she is still young and the lowest rank being tattooing and piercing and since she is mature and she would like to present herself in a respectable manner. Koontz Weihrich (2009, 59) suggest that marketers are well aware of the role which status influences the nature of purchases conducted within the society. Personal factors A consumer judgment to buy a product can also be sub jective on individual traits. These characteristics may include: Age: Individuals often purchase goods and services that reflect their particular age at the time of purchase. With time, consumers buy different products and services that would best suite them that time. for example where, for a female teenager she would be more concerned with her appearance be fascinated with tattooing and piercing for beauty as well as cosmetic surgery during her teenage years, but during her middle aged when she is more mature she tends to be concerned about how her appearance will influence her children, as a mature lady and responsible and respectable lady. Occupation and economic circumstances An individual’s occupation or line of work also influences the nature of purchase that he/she is involved in and therefore often marketers use this fact to market various products. A teenager will buy cheap cosmetics while a middle aged lady will likely buy more expensive cosmetics. Products alterna tives are greatly influenced by the economic state of affairs that a consumer is exposed to. Once a consumer is in position to earn an attractive amount of money, he/she will be attempted to buy expensive products as opposed to a consumer who is earning very little who will only buy cheap products because that is what they can afford. (Lancaster Withey 2006, 45) explain that economic situation of an individual influences on an individual’s power attitude toward spending versus saving. Marketers usually use research data on personal income, savings and interest rates while designing products so that they can effectively segment, place and target specific consumers. When there is an economic recession hit the commercial world marketers were force to redesign products so that more affordable products could be made available to consumers. Lifestyle How a person chooses to live is defined as lifestyle. An Individuals living lifestyle is articulated in the various activities, inte rest and opinions that surround his/her daily livelihood. Marketers look at what relationship their product has to a person lifestyle. For example, cosmetic manufactures produce products that are beauty oriented. The marketer target individuals who are cautious about their image and thus his goal are to design a brand that is a direct reflection the lifestyle of various individuals. Personality and self- concept Different people have different personalities. Depending on the situation an individual is said to posses’ different personality traits. Personality can be a great influence to a consumer while deciding to purchase a product. For example, a cosmetic company might discover that many prospectors show high self- confidence, dominance and beauty. This suggests designing the cosmetic advertisement to appeal to these traits. Marketers also try to develop brands images that match the target market’s self image. Consumers must decide whether to acquire, use or dispose of an offering. They may need to decide whether to spend or save their money when they earn extra cash. How much they decide to spend may be influenced by their perceptions of how much they recall spending in the past (Charles et al 2009, 127). Psychological factors How an individual chooses to buy a product is influenced by four major psychological factors namely: Motivation In a given period of time as an individual there are many needs that one has. There are theories that tend to explain more about human motivation. Some are as follows: Sigmund Freud motivation theory: This theory assumes that the psychological factors influencing individuals actions are mainly unaware, and that an individual cannot comprehensively appreciate his impulses, for instance the middle aged her highest level was cosmetic surgery this is to make her feel like she is still young and the lowest rank being tattooing and piercing and since she is mature and she would like to present herself in a respectabl e manner she would only prioritize on cosmetic surgery, eye surgery and laser skin treatment (Dwyer, Schurr and Oh 1987, 17). Laddering is a method which can be used to accurately determine a person’s motivations that influence his behavior. Then marketing experts can make important strategic decisions that are involved with the design of messages that appeal to consumers. Maslow’s theory: This theory classifies needs into: psychological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self actualization needs with the highest level being self actualization needs. Maslow suggests that individuals will attempt to cater for their most important needs first. When an individual achieves certain needs within this hierarchy these needs will no longer motivate them and therefore will move forward to cater for other needs which motivate him most. Maslow’s theory assists marketers understand how plans, goals and motives are the main reason behind purchases made by co nsumers. Herzberg’s theory: â€Å"Fredrick Herzberg came up with the factor theory that differentiates issues causing discontent from the satisfiers therefore taking centre stage in determining human behavior† (Davis 1961, 45). Herzberg’s theory has two implications. First, sellers should do their best to avoid factors that bring about dissatisfaction. Secondly, the manufacturer should precisely identify satisfiers and therefore aim to incorporate them in production in order to motivate consumers to purchase his/her products. These satisfiers determination to formulate the key variation as to which product the customer buys. Perception It is the course of action by which an individual selects, organizes and understands information inputs to build a significant representation of the world. Perception depends not only on the nature of the stimuli but also on the immediate environment unto which the stimuli emanates from (Anderson and Narus 1990, 49). People can ap pear to have diverse perceptions of the similar product since there are three perceptual processes: selection attention, it’s where the person screens all that she/he sees and hears and pays interest simply to preferred ones, selective distortion, it’s the affinity to change information into exceptional meanings and understand the information in a way that determine to fit the consumers’ perceptions, selective retention; people will disregard much on what they learn however, they will be likely to hold on to the information that supports their attitudes and beliefs. Selective retention defines why marketers use presentation and repletion in delivering messages to their target market (Ford 1980, 344). Learning Learning it’s the changing of an individual’s performance though experience. Learning experts insist that learning occurs when different forms of stimuli are introduced within the environment to reinforce behavior and responses of individuals. Cues are slight stimuli are the main drivers that define behavior exhibited by individuals. Learning theory enables marketers formulate various forms of stimuli that are incorporated into marketing strategy with the main aim of influencing consumer behavior. Various cues are used by marketers to reinforce consumer behavior by designing marketing messages that can easily influence human behavior Beliefs and attitudes Through knowledge, people achieve beliefs and attitudes. Thus it influences their consumer behavior. A belief is a vivid notion that an individual holds concerning something. Beliefs may be based on facts, view or faith. Manufacturers are greatly responsive and concerned in the values people bear in their minds regarding their goods and services. These philosophies make up brand descriptions and associations that can lead consumers into displaying desired actions once consumers are exposed to a set of pre determined images. If a few viewpoints are mistaken and stall pur chase, the manufacture will want to initiate an operation to approve these beliefs. For example, the use of laser treatment for hair had a negative effect on the consumer; the manufacturer should launch another product that would not have the same effect to the consumers. An attitude is a set of favorable or unfavorable opinions/conclusions, about certain objects or ideas. Ethics play a major function in consumer behavior. Some consumers may want to avoid products made by factories with questionable labor practices (Halinen 1995). The Buying Decision Process These are: Problem recognition The buying procedure begins as soon as the buyer recognizes a difficulty or need. The demand can be triggered interior or exterior stimuli. In case of interior stimuli, an individual basic need arises to a verge level and becomes a drive. In case of exterior stimuli a want is aroused by peripheral stimuli. Information search Recommendations A manufacturer of goods and brands where group control is well-built must establish how to achieve and persuade the belief leaders have in these growths. A belief leader is someone in informal product connected to relations who offers information or informs regarding a precise product or product type. A marketer ought to contact opinions leaders by identifying demographic and psychological distinctiveness allied with opinion control, identifying the medium read by opinion leaders along with directing messages at them e.g. the firm are more responsible to advertise their services of tattooing and piercing to young adult in view of the fact that they are more to beauty than selling laser treatment for wrinkles which would be more valued by the old. Marketers should search for relationships between their products and lifestyle group, for example for a middle-aged she would prioritize her needs to cosmetic surgery this is to enable her to feel like she is still young and the lowest need being tattooing and piercing and since she is mature and she would like to present herself in a respectable manner she would only prioritize on cosmetic surgery, eye surgery and laser skin treatment. And The old lady, she would prioritized her options to eye surgery to avoid wearing glasses, followed by the laser skin treatments to prevent her from looking too old and avoid the wrinkles from appearing (Heide 1994, 74). Marketers should also try to develop brand images that match the target market’s self image, for instance setting up a laser treatment infirmary to an educational institution that’s full of students who range from 18 to 24 instead of body art facility for fashion or a cultural body art as a reflection of ethnicity. The marketer should have a selection attention that means marketers have to work hard to attract consumers’ notice, for instance through the first information that is acquired through the first sight, the package of the product should catch the attention of the consumer where the model advert ising the product should be appealing and the product should make sure that the aim of the achiever which is beauty should be noted on the product (BAC 2011, 13). References Anderson, J. and Narus, J., 1990. â€Å"A model of distributor firm and manufacturer firm working.† Journal of Marketing, Vol. 54, pp. 42-58. Anderson, P., 1982. â€Å"Marketing, Strategic Planning, and the Theory of the Firm.† Journal of Marketing, 46, 7–23. BAC, 2011. Cosmetic industry in Russian Federation: Business Report 2011. Moscow: Business Analytic Center (BAC). Charles, L. et al, 2009. Essentials of Marketing. Natorp Boulevard: Cengage Learning. Davis, K. R., 1961. Marketing Management: Text and Cases. 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New Jersey: John Wiley Sons Inc. Lancaster, G. Withey, F., 2006. Marketing Fundamentals’: CIM Course book. London: Oxford publishers. Porter, M., 1990. Competitive advantage, illustrated edn, Northampton, MA: Free Press. Waterschoot, W. and van den Bulte, C., 1992. â€Å"The 4P classification of the marketing mix revisited.† Journal of Marketing, Vol. 56, pp. 83-93. This report on Understanding of Buyers’ Behavior was written and submitted by user Ellen Sharpe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.